IMC PLAN - PURINA PRO PLAN Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IMC PLAN - PURINA PRO PLAN - Assignment Example Purina Pro Plan had already run few successful campaigns too in the market, and this drive also has a potential to gain probable customers and can increase sales. Purina Pro Plan is a trustworthy brand from the experts’ point of view and has apparently an image of healthy and nutritious pet food over pet keeper’s mind, providing complete range of cat and dog food. The idea to generate this campaign is that people find difficulties in carrying their pet in flight, a campaign of Purina Pro Plan is offering a two-way fare on International travelling with the validity of 45 days. The company will print two series of code; one in descending order and other one in ascending order. Every pack will have a hidden code. For example: any customer has 67899 and other will have 99876. A person has to post their pet’s picture with his pet food pack, using hashtag #mypurinastarpet and code number. When two people can match their inverse series they can claim with picture and code number to the company and then both pet keepers can have a two-way international ticket for their pet with validity of 45 days. Communication and continuous interaction between the company’s personnel and Purina Pro Plan buyer will increase the visibility of a Brand in the market, it will help to retain brand loyalty and Potential buyers will switch to this Brand. The company is going to run its Advertisements via traditional and nontraditional ways, Internet marketing through social media ads, direct marketing and fliers in college and university campuses and bus stops, teaser advertisements on TV and radio. In nontraditional, Picture booth will be placed at bus stops, public places and at veteran hospitals. The company’s personnel will look over sales, before the campaign start and compare with every passing month. Social engine optimization tool will be used on regular basis to check the users’ response. In case of low engagement, more attractive ads and content will

Regulation in Mass Media Essay Example for Free

Regulation in Mass Media Essay The responsibility of the FCC and their regulations are often questioned if they are necessary or not. By examining Horwitz’s â€Å"The Evolution of the American Telecommunication System and the Origin of Communication Regulation. ,† one could take the side that the regulation of media is necessary. Regulation of media is necessary to prevent a monopoly which is one company controlling the entire market. If there was a monopoly on media then the company could charge and price whatever they want and only give service to those they wanted to. By having media regulations this is not able to happen. Natural monopolies in wired carriers, which are monopolies approved by the FCC, keep costs down and prevent a cluttering of wiring in the air or ripping up streets to install underground wiring. The first sign of natural monopoly was with ATT and the telephone. According to Horowitz, it states: â€Å"Under the leadership of Theodor Vail, ATT maintain the telephony constitution a natural monopoly. One policy, one system, and universal service’ was Vail’s ot-reapted slogan. † (Horowitz, Page 99) Vail argued that by having more then one provider there would be a waste of resources and if there was one provider pooling its resources they would be able to provide a better service to the customer. Though this might be true, unless there is regulation by the government this idea of natural monopoly would be horrible. Now the FCC regulates any kind of natural monopoly that exists within universal carriers of a media . The beginning of regulation began with the start of large scale communication, other then print, in 1835 when Samuel Morse proved a signal that could transmitted a message by wire. Morse used pulses of current to provide a written code on a strip of paper. This code became known as the Morse Code. Morse gave a public demonstration in 1838 to congress, but it took congress over five years to fund Morse’s experiment of the telegraph. Congress funded Morse $30,000 to construct a 40 mile experiment from Washington to Baltimore, using telegraph wire. It took six years before a message was sent and received over the telegraph wire. This was the first time a message had been transferred other then print or word of mouth. Western Union became the main provider of the telegraph service, and became a monopoly in 1867. The telegraph created the umbrella of commerce, which was the first time the government intervened with communications. According to Horwitz, a common carrier obligation was established for all carriers that provided service for the telegraph. Telegraph companies resemble railroad companies and other common carries, in that they are instruments of commerce and in that they exercise a public employment and are therefore bound to serve all customers alike without discriminations, they have doubtless a duty to the public to receive to the extent of there capacity all messages clearly and intelligible written and to transmit them upon reasonable terms but they are not common carriers, there duties are different and are perfo rmed in different ways and they are not subject the same liabilities. (Horowitz, Page 95, 96) What this law meant was that there could be no discrimination in who the provider wanted to extend service to. In 1895 the first radio message was transmitted by Marconi. Radio area waves were open to who ever could make a device to transmit messages to other people with the same device. Broadcasting became more and more popular. According to Horwitz, â€Å"broadcasting-the dissemination of electrical messages through the airwaves to an undifferentiated audience-may not have been contemplated, but it was inherited in the technology of radio. (Horowitz, Page 112) Radio became more and more popular and the government stepped in like they did with the telegraph and telephone and began regulating radio. The first major regulation was the Radio Act of 1912. Before this, radio waves were open to the public. The airwaves started to become too crowded and the U. S. government decided to take actio n. The Radio Act of 1912 established government control over the airwaves and created guidelines for issuing licenses and distributing radio airwaves. The Radio Act of 1927 was the second major act that was established to regulate the media industry. This act created the Federal Radio Communications (FRC), which was responsible for giving licenses to broadcasters. This act also made it so that the radio airwaves were a public resource. As a result, broadcasters were required to serve the public interest. The regulations of broadcasted media and the regulation of print media are different. The regulation of print deals with copyright laws. Anyone could publish anything they want but if some one uses someone else’s words without proper notation they could be sued. Print is regulated more when dealing with news print; for example the newspaper. Most print media would not use profanity or any kind of naked pictures. Print media is mostly written based on ethics. The writer tries not to take sides or out right seem bias towards one particular side. Broadcast media like radio have different kinds of regulations. In order to have air time on the radio one needs to have a license. Radio also must provide a public service toward the listener. Radio just like print media tends to stay away from profanity and over sexual connotations. Print media usually has a fee, whereas, radio is free to the public. Both of these media’s have regulations but have different kinds of regulations from the FCC. Overall, the world of mass media has many regulations that exist. These regulations are decided by the FCC, which is an independent government agency created under the Communications Act of 1934. At the beginning the FCC was responsible for regulating broadcast, telegraph, and telephone. Now the FCC has expanded its regulations to include new communication technologies such as: the satellite, microwave, cellular telephones, PCS service and private radio communications. As one could see, the responsibilities of the FCC are necessary in monitoring both the delivery system and the actual media itself. Overall, by using Horwitz’s â€Å"The Evolution of the American Telecommunication System and the Origin of Communication Regulation. ,† one could tell the history of regulation and how important it really is to the people.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

â€Å"A man of courage flees towards the start of indifferent things.† In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee there are many dissimilar examples of courageous behavior. There are many different definitions of courage. Some people say that courage is being able to face their fears. Others say that courage is a person with a tough heart. In the novel, Lee describes courage as being â€Å"when you know you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what" (p.112). Courage is the ultimate weapon against racism, war, sexism and unfair circumstances. It can overthrow the man in the highest position and defeat the harshest of words. Courage. It’s what many characters in To Kill a Mockingbird have and know how to exploit. Courageous people make other courageous people and Scout Finch has made that impact on many. Mrs. Henrietta Dubose starts out cold and distant, but then we later realize that she is just overcoming a stage of becoming courageous. Atticus Finch also happens to be one of the boldest people that I have come into contact with. Scout, Mrs. Dubose and Atticus all have the elements of the most courageous people in the novel. Scout Finch has the spunk and brutality of a boy her age, but in the same aspect a warmer heart than most girls. She starts out being quite a tomboy. She beats people up when she doesn’t know what else will resolve her conflict, for example: when she beats up Walter Cunningham because he made her look bad. She plays with boys, including her brother Jem and friend, Dill. She has a lot to handle at such a young age for just growing up in the society of the 1930’s. Scout can conduct herself in such situations that most wouldn’t be able to manage, yet when she has her buttons pushed, she turns to the one thing she uses to express her grief, using her fists. Despite the fact she is a hitter, she uses her words to defend her father. When Mr. Cunningham was outside of the courthouse mocking Atticus for what he is planning to do for Tom Robinson Scout stood her ground for her father and reminded Mr. Cunningham of the fact he, too, was a man like Atticus with a famil y to care for, children that need him and a man trying to make a living.

The History Of Rave Music :: essays research papers fc

The history of Rave Music is quite interesting. It has been around for decades. Some enjoy it, some don’t. There is some conflict as to where Rave Music actually started. Some people, non-ravers most likely, ask what is Rave Music? Rave Music is made up of technologically advanced beats that are mixed with other beats to form music. Rave Music has a culture of its own, as so does any other music type. The history of Rave Music is hard to sum up, but here it goes... The controversy in â€Å"Who started Rave Music, U.K. or U.S.?† is going to forever live on. But in all actuality, the U.S. sparked the flame that started it all. It all started back in 1970, in Detroit and Chicago, when Djs, like Frankie Knuckles, would program drum rhythms and play disco records over the top of his beats. He would play this â€Å"music† in the â€Å"club environment†. In 1977, in Chicago, the first club, playing this â€Å"music†, opened and was called The Warehouse. This is where house music received its name (shortened version of the clubs name). The U.K. heard of this and adopted the music. The music blew up over seas. Meanwhile it was still on the low in the U.S.. That is why people say the U.K. started it. House music was being played in gay clubs, in England, for 2 years before any sign of acceptance in the straight scene. While that was going on, the Djs in the U.S. were playing around with their music and somehow came up with the idea of mixing house music and hip-hop together. In 1985, Hip-house was born. This is when house music blew up in the United States. In 1986, Underground was born. Djs started getting creative with their music and in 1987 Deep House and Techno were born. In 1988, came Acid House. This was invented by 2 Djs who were hooking up their equipment and someone accidentally hit the on switch and on came the speakers making an â€Å"acidy† noise. The Djs liked the noise and decided to mix house music in. Thus, making Acid House. The U.K. began feeling left out and started experimenting themselves. In 1989, they came up with New Beat, a mix between Acid, Techno and House. While this was going on the U.S. came up with Hardcore, some really really fast house music. In 1990, LA finally decided to step away from the rap scene and give House/Techno a try. The History Of Rave Music :: essays research papers fc The history of Rave Music is quite interesting. It has been around for decades. Some enjoy it, some don’t. There is some conflict as to where Rave Music actually started. Some people, non-ravers most likely, ask what is Rave Music? Rave Music is made up of technologically advanced beats that are mixed with other beats to form music. Rave Music has a culture of its own, as so does any other music type. The history of Rave Music is hard to sum up, but here it goes... The controversy in â€Å"Who started Rave Music, U.K. or U.S.?† is going to forever live on. But in all actuality, the U.S. sparked the flame that started it all. It all started back in 1970, in Detroit and Chicago, when Djs, like Frankie Knuckles, would program drum rhythms and play disco records over the top of his beats. He would play this â€Å"music† in the â€Å"club environment†. In 1977, in Chicago, the first club, playing this â€Å"music†, opened and was called The Warehouse. This is where house music received its name (shortened version of the clubs name). The U.K. heard of this and adopted the music. The music blew up over seas. Meanwhile it was still on the low in the U.S.. That is why people say the U.K. started it. House music was being played in gay clubs, in England, for 2 years before any sign of acceptance in the straight scene. While that was going on, the Djs in the U.S. were playing around with their music and somehow came up with the idea of mixing house music and hip-hop together. In 1985, Hip-house was born. This is when house music blew up in the United States. In 1986, Underground was born. Djs started getting creative with their music and in 1987 Deep House and Techno were born. In 1988, came Acid House. This was invented by 2 Djs who were hooking up their equipment and someone accidentally hit the on switch and on came the speakers making an â€Å"acidy† noise. The Djs liked the noise and decided to mix house music in. Thus, making Acid House. The U.K. began feeling left out and started experimenting themselves. In 1989, they came up with New Beat, a mix between Acid, Techno and House. While this was going on the U.S. came up with Hardcore, some really really fast house music. In 1990, LA finally decided to step away from the rap scene and give House/Techno a try.

Jacksonian Democracy Essay

The Jacksonian democrats saw themselves as the guardians of the United States Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity. However, were they really all they claimed to be? They did attempt to increase the power of lower classes while decreasing the influence of the rich and powerful. Economically, they benefited from governing during a time of huge advances in transportation, which boosted commerce and helped the common man. The Jacksonian democrats portrayed themselves as saviors of the common people, but this is a controversial subject. They were unusually wealthy, supported equality between white men only, enacted devastating economic policies, and disregarded the capability of the federal government. The Jacksonians saw themselves as guardians but as for the people, only a select few may have seen that. During the Jacksonian reign, numerous advancements sped up the growth of the United States. A market revolution occurred as cash-crop agriculture and capitalist manufacturing replaced artisan economy. Despite the prosperity, a split was emerging between the industrializing, urban north, agrarian, rural South, and the expanding West. The Jacksonians passed the Tariff of 1828, which opened opportunity for western agriculture and New England manufacturing, but was damaging to the South. Andrew Jackson believed that the US bank placed too much control into the hands of a wealthy few (Document B). Therefore, Jackson vetoed the bank’s re-charter in 1832. In attempt to benefit the lower, working classes, he placed the federal money in â€Å"pet† state banks. This attempt weakened the national currency. Like most Jacksonian economic policies, it failed. Jacksonians tried to assist only the whites through economic policies but failed in that also. Foreign visitors viewed that in America, every man is free and independent (Document D), but there was great division in American attitude. Disturbances and riots broke out across the country by minorities (Document E), because they were not included in the equality efforts of the Jacksonians, which were focused on white males. Jackson’s hypocrisy and brutality in his Indian removal practices showed the non-universal  principles held by the democrats. The unconstitutional, uneven power in the three branches of government was revealed when Jackson violated chief justice Marshall’s decision on the Cherokee when he forced them out. Resulting in the â€Å"Trail of Tears†(Document G) Fearful of angering Southern voters, Jacksonians veered away from extending equality policies to slaves. Women as well received little betterment during the Jacksonian era. Although viewed as defenders of all common men, Jacksonian democrats shunned minorities and only assisted white me n. Andrew Jackson was the first president to fully use the powers of the executive branch and establish it as an equal if not superior branch. Henry Clay viewed Jackson as dictatorial and unconstitutional and tried to make others see that, but Jacksonian propaganda continued to portray Jackson as a common man. Jacksonian democrats did not keep the three branches of government separate and equal, like it says in the constitution. Jacksonians were strict constitutionalists, vetoing things that did not benefit the whole country and eliminating the bank. However, they also participated in the burning nationalism existing at the time. Jacksonians believed in a firm union. In the compromise Tariff of 1832, they reduced the previous tariffs, but also included a Force Bill, which authorized the President to use arms to collect dues in South Carolina, which goes against the Jacksonian belief in states’ rights and their disbelief in a strong military. Jacksonian democrats were above all outstanding propagandists. They were able to portray themselves as defenders of the common man, while they usually tended to be anything but common. They were wealthy and often thought that ‘common man’ officials were inefficient and corrupt. They also tried to further reform movements but ended up hurting the economic opportunity. Although often supporters of states’ rights and individuality, they also were strong nationalists. Jacksonians strived to preserve the unifying principles that the Constitution contained, but acted in opposition of it when they asserted the overwhelming power of the executive branch. Jacksonian democracy did allow more people to vote than ever before and made government more directly responsible to the people. Finally, they established a strong executive, directly responsible to the people, and  increased faith in government. Overall, Jacksonians honestly attempted to help common Americans.

International Variations in the Financial Reporting of Property Essays

International Variations in the Financial Reporting of Property Essays International Variations in the Financial Reporting of Property Essay International Variations in the Financial Reporting of Property Essay The accounting intervention of belongings works and equipment varies from state to state, with the primary difference being the reappraisal of fixed assets. In this study, an analysis of the criterion puting system under the IFRS, US GAAP and Nipponese GAAP governments is provided. A reappraisal of the differences in the relevant criterions on belongings works and equipment is carried out. It appears that whilst the USA and Japan ( with the exclusion of reappraisal of land which was permitted merely for a specific period of clip ) do non let the usage of reappraisal theoretical account, under IFRS the usage of the reappraisal theoretical account for subsequent measuring of fixed assets is allowed. A treatment as to whether the reappraisal or cost method enhances comparison, relevancy and dependability revealed that there is disagreement amongst faculty members. It was besides discovered that the ground for non presenting reappraisal could be of a political nature instead than of an a ccounting nature. Although certain writers like Herrmann et Al ( 2006 ) manage to reason persuasively that the reappraisal of Property Plant and Equipment is the method that enhances relevancy, dependability and comparison, what is relevant and dependable in one state may non be so in another due to cultural factors. Table of Contentss Abstract 2 Table of Contentss 3 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 An overview of standard puting under IFRS, US GAAP and Nipponese GAAP 5 2.1 The Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) 5 2.2 The International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) 7 2.3 Nipponese GAAP and the Accounting Standards Board of Japan ( ASBJ ) 9 3.0 The intervention of belongings works and equipment 12 3.1 IFRS 12 3.2 US GAAP 13 3.3 Nipponese GAAP 14 3.4 Issues associating to Relevance, Reliability, and Comparability 15 3.4.1 Relevance 16 3.4.2 Reliability 17 3.4.3 Comparability 18 4.0 Decision 19 5.0 Mentions 22 1.0 Introduction The purpose of this undertaking is to analyze the international fluctuations in the fiscal coverage of belongings works and equipment. For the intents of this survey, three describing governments were considered US By and large Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) , International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) , and Nipponese GAAP. In the first portion of the undertaking, an overview of the standard scene procedure under each of the three governments was provided. Thereafter, differences and similarities in the intervention of belongings works and equipment between the three governments were identified, with peculiar consideration to the reappraisal of fixed assets. A minor mention to differences in depreciation regulations was besides made. Through the usage of articles published in academic diaries, magazine articles and other relevant literature an effort has been made to measure whether reappraisal additions or decreases the comparison, dependability, and relevancy of fiscal statements as defined in the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements ( IASB 1989 ) . As explained in this undertaking, what is dependable and relevant in one state may non be so in states with different civilizations and legal systems. 2.0 An overview of standard puting under IFRS, US GAAP and Nipponese GAAP 2.1 The Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) The FASB is an independent criterion puting authorization for private concerns in the United States which was set up in 1973. It is a direct replacement of the Accounting Principles Board, which had been publishing accounting criterions in the USA from every bit early as 1958. The FASB is non responsible for ordering accounting criterions for governmental administrations the duty of which rests upon the Government Standards Board ( GASB ) ( Bragg 2002 ) . Although the Securities Acts which were issued after the Great Depression gave the powers of publishing criterions to the SEC, the latter believed that it would be better if the criterions were issued by the profession. Hence the duty of publishing criterions was delegated to the profession. ( Jenkins 2002, Canfield 1999 ) . Crucial to the FASB, is its independency from any private sector administration in the United States, although this has been capable to several unfavorable judgments. Jenkins ( 2002 ) , who was president of the FASB at the clip of Enron s prostration, admitted that critics were reasoning that the FASB was non independent plenty from the Big Five houses. In 2009, the FASB has finalised a undertaking of codification, whereby US GAAP now has a individual important beginning, known as the Accounting Standards Codification, which is accessible for free on its web site. Merely the regulations which are included in the new codification are considered to be enforceable with the exclusion of regulations which are issued by the SEC. ( Ernst and Young, 2009a ) . Besides standard scene, the FASB is responsible for the betterment of such criterions, and the issue of relevant counsel on their application. In order to accomplish its mission of bettering accounting criterions, the FASB, similar to the IASB, is working on the convergence of accounting criterions across the Earth ( FASB 2010 ) . Although it is the standard compositor, the FASB has no authorization over the application of the criterions. Jenkins ( 2002 ) argues that the function of the FASB is non to guarantee that the criterions are adhered to. The duty for guaranting conformity with the criterions rests with the direction of the company, and the hearers in the instance of private companies. In the instance of public companies, the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) besides is responsible for guaranting the houses are following with the accounting criterions. In carry oning its functions, the FASB maintains a figure of rules. It ensures that it maintains objectiveness throughout the standard scene and betterment procedures. Furthermore, every bit much as possible, audience is sought between interested parties prior to the issue of criterions or alterations of such. It besides ensures that when alterations are made, the effects of the determinations are taken into consideration, understating any negative effects on concerns. Another rule which the FASB embraces is that the criterions should be kept up to day of the month with developments in the accounting and economic environment. Finally one must advert that the FASB should do certain every bit much as possible that the cost of following a peculiar accounting pattern does non transcend the benefits of such ( FASB 2010 ) . 2.2 The International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) In 1973, an independent commission known as the International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) was set up with the ultimate purpose of supplying world-wide criterions, in order to guarantee consistence in the fiscal coverage across the universe. In 2001, the IASC, was replaced by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) , which adopted all the criterions which had been antecedently issued by the IASC. The IASB is the standard puting organic structure of a larger administration, the IFRS Foundation, which appoints the members of the IASB. Apart from the development and amendment of International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) , the IASB is besides responsible for bring forthing IFRS for SMEs. The IASB has besides the function of O.K.ing the readings which are issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee ( IASB 2010a ) . Harmonizing to the IASC Foundation[ 1 ]( 2010 ) Fundamental law, the IASB should see undertaking field trials, in order to measure the impact of a peculiar criterion prior to publication. This is done in order to guarantee its practicality. Like the FASB in the United States, the IASB has no authorization to implement such criterions in any state. However, the criterions issued by the IASB are the most widely adopted, with over 120 states necessitating or leting the usage of IFRS ( IASB 2010b ) . In certain legal powers, the criterions as published by the IASB do non go automatically enforceable. For illustration, in the European Union, there is a complex indorsement procedure following publication of an IFRS which includes farther audience with the assorted involvement groups within the European Union, through the European Financial Reporting Interest Group ( EFRAG ) ( European Union, 2009 ) . The figure below shows in a simplified mode, the standard scene procedure which is carried out by the IASB. The procedure is really similar to the procedure carried out by the FASB. A subject reaches the IASB docket, through legal guardians of the IASB, the audit houses, and other cardinal stakeholders for treatment. On complex affairs, a treatment paper is issued prior to the publication of an exposure bill of exchange. In each phase, the remarks submitted during the public audience are analysed, after which a concluding argument is carried out, and the formal publication of the criterion takes topographic point. ( Epstein and Jermakowicz, 2010 ) . Figure 1: The standard scene procedure ( IASB 2010b ) Harmonizing to the IASC Foundation s ( 2010 ) fundamental law, in order for a criterion or exposure bill of exchange to be published, it requires the blessing of nine members out of 14[ 2 ]. The members of the IASB have to be from different parts of the universe as specified in the IASC Foundation s fundamental law. Schroeder et Al ( 2005 ) , argues that one difference between the IASB and FASB is that sometimes IFRS license alternate accounting interventions, although the figure of cases whereby there are alternate accounting interventions have been reduced in recent amendments to the IFRSs. Yet, certain criterions still let for alternate intervention for illustration IAS 16 allows for the subsequent measuring of belongings works and equipment utilizing the cost theoretical account or utilizing the reappraisal theoretical account. 2.3 Nipponese GAAP and the Accounting Standards Board of Japan ( ASBJ ) Prior to the constitution of an independent criterion puting organic structure, the accounting criterions in Japan were restricted to the statute law viz. the Commercial Code and the Securities and Exchange statute law[ 3 ], and besides to the statements of sentiment which were issued by the Business Accounting Deliberation Council ( BADC ) . This legalistic attack has led to Nobes ( 1984 ) sorting Japan s accounting as being macro-uniform legislative act based, similar to Germany. The province s engagement in accounting was highlighted by the debut of a jurisprudence which permitted a one off reappraisal of land, aimed at increasing the capitalization of Bankss, inside informations of which are discussed subsequently on in subdivision 3.3 of this study. It is deserving observing, that in Japan there is what is referred to by Ali and Haider ( 2008 ) as a triangular legal system for fiscal coverage, with three Torahs the Securities and Exchange Law, the Commercial Code, and Taxation Laws, ordering fiscal coverage demands which frequently result in the presentation of more than one set of fiscal statements. If there is no accounting criterion which prescribes the needed intervention for a peculiar dealing, so the revenue enhancement Torahs prevail ( Ali and Haider 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Misawa ( 2005 ) , there are important differences between IFRSs and the Nipponese Commercial codification, with the latter normally necessitating less revelation, for illustration the Commercial Code does non necessitate any comparative figures. An of import difference is that under the Commercial Code, merely big companies are required to unwrap amalgamate histories, whereas IFRS requires amalgamate histories for all groups of companies irrespective of size. Following advice from the IASB, it was suggested that the scene of accounting criterions should be shifted to the private sector. The Financial Accounting Standard Foundation was set up, with its several accounting criterion puting organic structure, the Accounting Standards Board of Japan ( ASBJ ) in 2001 ( Nakoshi 2006 ) . Roberts et Al ( 2005 ) besides argue that the ground for the new criterions board was besides the demand for new criterions in position of progressively complex accounting minutess and globalization. Although the ASBJ issues accounting criterions, Benston et Al ( 2004 ) argue that the standard compositor is still constrained by the triangular regulative system mentioned earlier on. To day of the month, the ASBJ has issued 24 criterions, the last one being in December 2009, refering alterations in accounting policies and mistakes. The ASBJ, submits regular remarks on the treatment documents which are issued by the IASB. Even though the old criterion compositor, th e BADC has no longer the powers to order criterions it still maintains an accounting consultative function. Since 2005, the ASBJ and the IASB are set abouting a convergence undertaking, which has set ambitious deadlines for convergence with IFRS. In fact, the staying differences refering existing criterions are expected to be removed every bit early as June 2011, in conformity to the Tokyo Agreement , in which both boards agreed to speed up the convergence undertaking ( JICPA 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Nipponese jurisprudence, as from April 2002, domestic companies registered with the US SEC, can subject the fiscal statements in US GAAP alternatively of Nipponese GAAP, a pattern which was antecedently restricted to a little figure of Nipponese companies who had particular agreements with the Ministry of Finance ( Benston et al 2006 ) . As Roberts ( 2005 ) points out the US influence on the accounting of Nipponese companies is besides highlighted by the fact that many companies produce fiscal statements in English. In December 2009, the Nipponese authorities announced that some specific companies could utilize IFRS as from periods stoping 31st March 2010 onwards for their amalgamate fiscal statements. The companies which can bring forth the fiscal statements utilizing IFRS must be listed on a Nipponese stock exchange, and produce the necessary studies required by the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act. Furthermore, the company should hold equal staff with cognition on IFRSs. In the first twelvemonth, similar to other legal powers which have late adopted IFRS, rapprochement between IFRS and Nipponese GAAP should be done, with an account of stuff differences in narrative signifier ( Deloitte 2009 ) . There still appears to be a figure of major differences between Nipponese GAAP, and IFRS. For illustration harmonizing to Benson et Al ( 2006 ) anterior period accommodations are non allowed and are treated as extraordinary points in the current twelvemonth, reappraisal of fixed assets are non allowed, and stock does non needfully hold to be shown at the lower of cost and the net realisable value. Yet, as stated, advancement is being done to extinguish differences from IFRSs. For illustration, harmonizing to Ernst A ; Young ( 2009b ) , LIFO can non be used for stock ratings as from April 2010. Retrospective accommodations for anterior period mistakes, will be possible in line with ASBJ statement no 29 as from April 2011 ( ASBJ 2009 ) . 3.0 The intervention of belongings works and equipment After discoursing briefly standard puting under the three governments, a brief overview of the accounting intervention under each government is provided hereunder. 3.1 IFRS Under the IFRS government, IAS 16 Property Plant and Equipment trades with the intervention of belongings works and equipment, their acknowledgment and subsequent depreciation. Under IAS16, belongings works and equipment is ab initio recognised at cost. Two attacks may be taken for subsequent measuring. Under the cost theoretical account, an plus is valued at cost less any accrued depreciation and accumulated damage losingss ( similar to the US and Nipponese intervention ) . Alternatively, the reappraisal theoretical account discussed hereunder may be used. Under this method assets are shown at just value less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losingss. However, an of import making is made through a recent amendment in the criterion. The just value can non be measured faithfully ; the reappraisal attack can non be used. In line with IAS 16 paragraph 36, single assets can non be revalued, but this accounting intervention has to be applied to whole group of assets. For illustration, one can non appreciate merely a peculiar edifice, but all the edifices have to be revalued. Alfredson et Al ( 2005 ) cite two grounds for this. The first ground is to avoid red picking , whereby the direction would choose specific assets to appreciate in order to obtain the coveted consequences. The other ground, cited by the writers is to guarantee consistence within the fiscal statements. Before traveling on to discourse US GAAP and Nipponese GAAP, it is of import to notice briefly on the intervention of depreciation under IFRS. IAS16 requires that belongings works and equipment is consistently depreciated over its utile life. The IAS states that important parts of an plus ( connoting parts of a important value ) , have to be considered individually utilizing different rates in order to guarantee proper depreciation. For illustration, the engine of an airplane would hold a different utile life than its seats. Furthermore, the same criterion requires an one-year reappraisal of the utile life of the assets and its residuary value. Changes in the depreciation method, utile life and residuary value are treated as a alteration in accounting estimation, in line with the demands of IAS 8. Furthermore, the criterion requires an appraisal to be carried out at least on one-year footing as to whether the depreciation method being used reflects the form of benefits generated by the plus. 3.2 US GAAP The relevant intervention for belongings works and equipment under US GAAP is prescribed under ASC 360 ( codification topic 360 ) . The lone differences which arise are related to the subsequent measuring of fixed assets reappraisal and depreciation. Under US GAAP, the lone subsequent permitted is the cost theoretical account i.e. the reappraisal theoretical account is non allowed. Walker ( 1992 ) argues that this was non ever the instance, in fact prior to the 1930 s reappraisal was a common pattern in the USA. The pattern was discouraged in the 1940 s by the SEC after it was discovered that some companies were describing just values of belongings works and equipment randomly. By the 1950 s, the usage of current values even in the revelation notes of company acquisition paperss was banned by the SEC. The prohibition on reappraisal was besides a direct consequence of the stock market clang of 1930 s, whereby bookmans were reasoning that the addition in stock monetary values which led to the clang was a direct effect of the overestimate of assets ( Carmichael et al 2007 ) . In a missive to the editor of Barron s National Business and Financial Weekly, Flegm ( 1986 ) describes the usage of just values prior to the abovementioned stock market clang as being voodoo accounting . Besides, differences refering the reappraisal intervention there are besides difference with respects to the intervention of depreciation. ASC320 prescribes that the recoverability of a long lived plus is merely tried if there are indicants that this has changed ( i.e. non yearly like under the IFRS government ) . If there is a alteration, the intervention under US GAAP is the same as that of alteration in accounting estimations under IAS8. Although, different depreciation intervention for parts of assets ( similar to the airplane illustration mentioned in the old subdivision ) is permitted, in contrast to IFRS, this is non a demand. ( KPMG 2009 ) . 3.3 Nipponese GAAP Nipponese companies comply with corporate revenue enhancement jurisprudence instead than accounting jurisprudence when they deal with issues refering belongings works and equipment with the exclusion of ASBJ Standard No. 18 Asset Retirement Obligations. Under Nipponese GAAP, initial measuring is at cost similar to IFRS and US GAAP, nevertheless there are differences with respects to the intervention of subsequent measuring. Similar to US GAAP reappraisal of noncurrent assets is non permitted under Nipponese GAAP. However, late there was an exclusion. In the early 1990s, the unfulfilled additions of Nipponese Bankss were diminishing drastically, and the Government was proposing that the solution to better Bankss capital was to let reappraisal ( The Economist 1993 ) . To this regard a particular statute law was enacted in 1999 to let for a one-off reappraisal of land between 31st March 1998 and 31st March 2002 for big companies ( Herrmann et al 2006, Kawamura 2007 ) . With respects to depreciation, similar to IFRS and in contrast to US GAAP, depreciation is calculated each period in conformity to the Audit and Assurance Committee Report No. 81. Therefore the appraisal of residuary values, utile lives and depreciation methods is carried out each twelvemonth like under the IFRS government. However, one key difference between Nipponese GAAP and the other two governments is that a alteration in depreciation method is treated as an accounting policy and non as an accounting estimation. Strictly talking this does non do much difference since in Japan alterations in accounting policies are accounted for prospectively, although a note has to be made on the impact of the alteration on the fiscal statements of the current period. There is no specific regulation sing the depreciation of parts within a peculiar plus, and hence the intervention of such is similar to the US GAAP, with depreciation of parts being permitted but non a demand. ( Ernst A ; Young 20 09b, JICPA 2006 ) 3.4 Issues associating to Relevance, Reliability, and Comparability Under the IASB Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements ( 1989 ) , four cardinal constructs are identified as being qualitative features comprehensibility, relevancy, dependability, and comparison. The inquiry of the approaching treatment is whether the intervention of belongings works and equipment in the three governments follows these features with peculiar mention to upward reappraisal. In a study by the Committee of European Securities Regulators ( CESR ) ( 2005 ) , it was indicated that the FASB model is similar to the IASB model on most issues, although they are non indistinguishable. Under the US government, the abovementioned qualitative features are besides of importance and discussed in the FASB s Concept Statement No. 2. Furthermore, the same commission analysed a Nipponese treatment paper on the conceptual model and concluded that in Japan, relevancy and dependability are placed at the highest degree but comparison and comprehensibility are besides considered indirectly. 3.4.1 Relevance Harmonizing to the IASB Framework ( 1989 ) information is relevant when it affects the economic determinations of users. Relevance has both a predictive and collateral facet in the sense that relevant information can assist in the analysis of present and future determinations, and can besides rectify or corroborate determinations which were antecedently done falsely. The treatment below will cast some visible radiation as to whether the reappraisal of belongings works and equipment additions relevancy or non. The prognostic facet was tested by several writers such as Aboody, Barth and Kasniz ( 1998 ) . In their survey on UK houses, they found that at least up till three old ages after the reappraisal, runing public presentation improved. This suggests that the fiscal statements had been made more relevant following the reappraisal. However, the writers point out that directors can appreciate in order to pull off their debt to equity ratios. This was evidenced by the fact that runing public presentation improved by less in the instance of companies with high debt to equity ratios. The survey was criticised by Sloan ( 1999 ) , who was concerned that the alterations in future economic public presentation is non merely attributable to reappraisals, but it could be a consequence of assorted other factors which are non taken into consideration by the writers. Herrmann et Al ( 2006 ) argue besides that some States in the USA require companies to administer dividends merely if the just value of assets exceeds the just value of the liabilities after subtracting the dividend payments. Therefore, by holding the assets shown at just value on the balance sheet, one would be able to foretell the company s ability to administer dividends. With respects to the collateral facet, referred to as feedback value under the US GAAP, Herrmann et Al ( 2006 ) argue that since historical cost do non alter, it is non supplying any feedback value after an acquisition. A return on investing ( ROI ) computation based on historical costs, would non demo whether the investing has been profitable or non and could supply deceptive consequences. Another of import issue associating to relevance is timeliness. Those who argue in favor of fixed plus reappraisal inquiry the utility of out-of-date cost information ( Herrmann et al 2006 ) . Against these statements one can advert the point of view Henderson and Goodwin ( 1992 ) , who question reappraisals. They argue that reappraisals are non done often and consistently. In position of this, seasonableness in the instance of reappraisals is questionable. 3.4.2 Dependability The 2nd qualitative feature found in the IASB model is dependability. Information is dependable if it is free from mistake and prejudice. Therefore issues such as neutrality, prudence, faithful representation, substance over signifier and completeness are considered under this characteristic. The FASB s SFAC No. 2 includes verifiability as a quality required to guarantee dependability, and this was besides recognised by the IASB as being of import ( IASB 2005 ) . With respects to faithful representation, if reappraisal is non done, the plus would non be shown reasonably because its value is shown falsely in the balance sheet. The counterargument to this is that historical cost nowadayss the figures more reasonably because it is capable to less use. But one would reason net incomes could still be manipulated utilizing historical cost by taking into consideration the timing of the sale of the assets. Herrmann et Al ( 2003 ) investigated how fixed assets gross revenues were taking to net incomes direction in Japan. The writers outline how the Nipponese Securities and Exchange Law require that houses unwrap net incomes prognosis, and how this demand has led to net incomes direction. In fact, the survey concluded that when net incomes are below the forecasted figures, it is likely that direction would sell its assets to increase net incomes. By necessitating reappraisal, one would be cut downing the possibility of such net incomes direction, altho ugh in position that IAS 16 for illustration allows the usage of the cost theoretical account merely the same, the net incomes direction can non be eliminated non even if a criterion similar to IAS 16 is introduced in Japan. With respects to neutrality, the Framework indicates that to be impersonal information has to be free from prejudice. Whilst for writers like Herrmann et Al ( 2006 ) see the historical cost every bit being as biased towards conservativism, Fearnley and Sunder ( 2007 ) argue that by utilizing just values we are presenting inaccuracies since there are merely really few assets whose just value can be measured faithfully without any grade of subjectiveness. As a consequence of the subjectiveness and frequent monetary value volatility, the writers argue that we should convey back the construct of prudence and utilize historical cost. One should besides see briefly verifiability because it is one of the major concerns when it comes to dependability. It has been argued, even by Fearnley and Sunder ( 2007 ) that the dependability is put into inquiry because unlike the historical costs just values are non easy verifiable. The writers argue that this fact besides puts into inquiry the audit map because the hearer can non offer the same degree of confidence when there is a reappraisal so when there is historical cost. But once more Herrmann et Al ( 2006 ) inquiry this fact, based on the statement that when there is a concern acquisition a reappraisal of fixed assets at the acquisition day of the month is acceptable in the USA. They besides argue that for illustration in the instance of ego constructed assets, one can include arbitrary overhead allotments, which would besides convey into inquiry the issue of verifiability, despite that historical cost is being used. 3.4.3 Comparison With respects to comparison Herrmann et Al ( 2006 ) argue that by utilizing historical cost we are utilizing a myriad of rating methods, because each clip an plus is bought it is added to the old historical costs. The illustration cited by the writers, is in the instance of land freshly purchased land is added to the cost of land which was purchased say 20 old ages ago. One farther issue which Herrmann et Al ( 2006 ) reference is that sometimes the job mentioned above is augmented by the affect of different foreign exchange rates. Yet if non all assets are revalued at the same clip, this job is non resolved ( Deegan and Unerman, 2006 ) . In Japan, there is besides the job that IFRS is optional, and hence companies utilizing Nipponese GAAP will non be comparable, non merely because of historical costs, but besides because there are companies who adopted different fiscal coverage criterions. 4.0 Decision The above analysis has identified the major difference in the intervention of belongings works and equipment under US GAAP, Nipponese GAAP and IFRS as being the reappraisal of assets. Minor differences were besides identified with respects to depreciation. Whilst reappraisal of assets is allowed under IFRS, at present this is non permitted under Nipponese GAAP and US GAAP. However, the state of affairs in Japan is that some listed companies are now being allowed to print their fiscal statements utilizing IFRS, hence reappraisal is partly possible for a figure of big companies. None of the intervention adopted by the governments is free from defects, and at that place seems to be a trade off between relevancy and dependability. The reappraisal theoretical account appears to be more relevant as evidenced by surveies refering the operating income following the reappraisal ( Aboody et al 1999 ) , even though directors still can exert their discretion as to whether they use the reappraisal theoretical account or non, for which category of assets to utilize it and its timing. But, as outlined by Lin and Peasnell ( 2000 ) and Easton et Al ( 1993 ) , the motivations for revaluating assets are far from being merely related to dependability, relevancy and comparison. Amongst the motivations cited by Lin and Peasnell ( 2000 ) are the usage of reappraisal as a signalling attack for better hereafter chances, and the fact that houses which have been capable to equity depletion or are expected to see a decrease in equity in the close hereafter, appreciate more their assets in order to better the equity place. The chief statements knocking the reappraisal theoretical account appear to be reliability issues. IAS 16 indicates really clearly that in order to utilize the reappraisal attack, the revalued sum must be measured faithfully. The footing of the statement has been subjectiveness and troubles in verifiability, although this has been questioned by Hermann et Al ( 2006 ) on the footing that there are cases in US statute law were the value of the assets is non the existent historical cost such as acquisitions, and the managerial engageme

Business expansion

Business expansion Executive summary The demand for business expansion outside national boundaries has been increasing steadily over the years. This has been due to the current dynamic nature of consumerism and globalization trends. A business intending to expand to a new market like India needs to first of all, gain adequate understanding of the country.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business expansion- an analysis of India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The vast population and resources in India offer one of the best locations where foreign businesses can expand to. However, there are challenges that may make a foreign business to hesitate expanding to this region. Such challenges include the image of India to the rest of the world as a poor nation with a greater percentage of its population living under the poverty line, issues related to culture as well as language barriers. Nonetheless, expanding a business from Canada to Ind ia would provide with an opportunity for growth, improved sales due to huge population as well as considerable competitive advantage against other market rivals. Introduction The increasing competition and pressure in the global business arena have driven many firms to seek opportunities where they can expand their operations internationally. The prosperity and viability of a firm expanding to another country greatly depends on its ability to respond efficiently and effectively to challenges in its environment. Studies indicate that expanding a business internationally is an initiative that may come with various risks and challenges with regards to operating in environments which are not familiar. However, Hughes points out that expanding to new grounds may boost the sales and performance of a business.1  Therefore, finding a good location provides a business with numerous advantages which include relatively low cost of production as well as potential market growth.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, poor choice of location may yield risks that can affect growth of a business. This paper analyses India as a location for business expansion and also offers recommendations and conclusions on whether it is the best environment to expand business operations. Overview of India Geographic profile: India is located in the south of Asia and it is ranked as the seventh largest country in size and the second largest in terms of population. Reports from the Central Intelligence Agency indicate that India hosts up to 16% of the total world’s population who occupy its 3.29 million square kilometers.2 Additionally, it has a population of 1.16 billion people with Hindu being its official language and English used as a business language. Geologically, its climate is tropical monsoon with four seasons.3 Its natural resources include c oal, natural gas, diamond and manganese among others. In terms of transport, India has numerous airports although waterways, roadways and railways aare the major channels of transportation. Demographic profile: In terms of age structure, a larger percentage of its 1.16 billion people are young individuals of ages 15-64 years representing 64%.4 Penn points out that the median age group in this country is 25.3 years which is comparatively lower than most countries.5 Culturally, India has a diverse culture which is spread across religion, languages and festivals. The latter include Deepawali, Id-ul-Zoha and Christmas as well as Guru Nanak Gayanti festivals. Religiously, its cultural diversity embraces four main religions like Sikhism, Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. Other related religions include Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Economic profile: Penn continues to point out in his article a glimpse of the future that the Indian economy has gone through a systematic tr ansition since economic reforms hit the country back in 1991.6 The impacts of those reforms have been far reaching and have unleashed and opened avenues for enormous growth potential.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business expansion- an analysis of India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, the economy of India has been characterized by liberalized trade and investment policy, a role undertaken by deregulation and private sector. Analysts regard India as a trillion dollar economy due to its diversified industrial base, an agricultural sector that is self sufficient, and a stable service and financial sector. Kraten concurs with Penn’s argument and adds that the economy of India is diverse and encompasses a multitude of manufacturing, textile and handicraft services.7 The presence of internet and the digital age presents India as a transformed economy and a destination for global technical support, custo mer services and outsourcing. Challenges of expanding a business in India India is a strategic location and a significant as well as an inevitable business destination to expand a foreign business due to its economic growth and the huge population which forms large customer base. However, Casey argues in her publication one great concept that there are a number of factors which may pose a threat to business expansion in India.8 These include internal reluctance and the perceptions individuals have of the country, inadequate information of the Indian market that would aid an expanding business to develop a well devised implantation strategy. Internal difficulties The media has played an important role of creating and destroying the image of nations both politically and economically.9 India as a nation has not escaped the influence of media and the tarnishing of its image to the world. Many foreign businesses that have intended to expand in India have been faced with the challenge of the struggle against prejudice and stereotypes. For instance, in the past decade, the image of India has been that of being a city of joy. Besides, this country has been perceived as a poor country for many years with nearly 80% of its population living in poverty.10 Iyer posits that this perception may hinder a business expansion plan to this country.11 He adds that the internal decision process of a company may be massively affected by such views which are commonly spread by the media. Misunderstandings in communication Expanding to India requires finding a reliable workforce and human resource which is fluent in English or Hindu. Many foreign companies that wish to expand into India do not have fluent English speaking employees and executive teams. Ardichvili et al point out that this is true for countries that English is a not national language such as Germany, Japan, Spain, Italy and France.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Expanding to such regions would pose immense difficulties in terms of communication due to language barriers and misunderstandings due to use of jargons and poor language.12 In their book intercultural communication for business, Elizabeth and O’Rourke point out that language barrier may not greatly affect the technical side of the business, but on areas of commercial agreement like procurement and distribution, legal agreements and forming of joint ventures, the impact may be devastating to business. It is important to note that in conducting effective transactions, perfect understanding among parties involved must be ensured through good communication to save wasting of time and losses. As such, with misunderstandings in communication, certain essential elements may be ignored if a negotiation is being done orally. Recommendations Expanding into India would be the best recommendation for this Canadian Company due to location advantage and the potential economic growth in th is country. The Indian economy provides immeasurable business expansion opportunities and a fertile ground for establishing a business. The OLI model by Dunning indicates that shifting to a new location may provide a business with location specific advantages which include market growth, per-capita income and low cost of production. Inasmuch as moving into India may result into liability of foreignness, this business with its unique services will gain competitive advantage which will be used to compensate the liability.13 Conclusion To sum up, the discussion in this paper was based on the thesis statement that â€Å"the increasing competition and pressure in the global business arena have been some of the important factors that have driven many firms to seek opportunities where they can expand their operations internationally. â€Å" From the discussion, it is evident that India is a country that offers business expansion opportunities to foreign businesses due to its economic gro wth, vast population and resources. As indicated, expansion strategies require clear understanding of the target location since it enables a business to plan and acquire knowledge of potential benefits. However, there are considerable challenges like language barriers, culture and a country’s perception that come with expanding a business to a foreign nation. Bibliography Ardichvili Alexandre, Jondle Douglas, Kowske Brenda, Cornachione Edgard, Li Jessica, and Thakadipuram Thomas. Ethical cultures in large business organizations in Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Journal of Business Ethics 105, no. 4 (2012): 415-428. Casey, Bernadette. One great concept. License! Global 13, no. 2 (2010): 22-27. Central Intelligence Agency. â€Å"The world factbook†. Last modified January 29, 2012. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ Hughes, Shirley. More tools, more time to serve. The Journal of Government Financial Management 52, no. 2 (2003): 10. Internation al Monetary Fund. â€Å"Data and statistics†. Last modified January 29 2012. https://www.imf.org/en/Data Kraten, Michael. Sixty questions to address before expanding a business practice. The CPA Journal 78, no. 1 (2008): 58-62. Iyer, Patrick. The Indian Disconnect. Time International, (2012) 1. Penn, Robert. A glimpse of the future. Journal of Accountancy 188, no. 1 (1999): 35- 40. The World Bank. â€Å"India and business†. Last modified January 29, 2012. Web. United Nations ESCAP. â€Å"Advancing statistics for development†. Last modified January 29, 2012. https://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics Footnotes 1 Shirley Hughes. More tools, more time to serve. The Journal of Government Financial Management 52, no. 2 (2003): 10. 2 Central Intelligence Agency. â€Å"The world factbook†. Last modified January 29, 2012. 3 United Nations ESCAP. â€Å"Advancing statistics for development†. Last modified January 29, 2012. 4 Ibid 5 Robert Penn. A glimpse of the future. Journal of Accountancy 188, no. 1 (1999): 39. 6 Ibid.p.40. 7 Michael Kraten. Sixty questions to address before expanding a business practice. The CPA Journal 78, no. 1 (2008): 59. 8 Bernadette Casey. One great concept. License! Global 13, no. 2 (2010): 27. 9 Ibid.p.26. 10 International Monetary Fund. â€Å"Data and statistics†. Last modified January 29 2012. 11 Patrick Iyer. The Indian Disconnect. Time International, (2012) 1. 12 Alexandre Ardichvili, Douglas Jondle, Brenda Kowske, Edgard Cornachione, Jessica Li and Thomas Thakadipuram. Ethical Cultures in Large Business Organizations in Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Journal of Business Ethics 105, no. 4 (2012): 420. 13 The World Bank. â€Å"India and business†. Last modified January 29, 2012.

The eNotes Blog Ten Summer Reading Picks Whats On YOURList

Ten Summer Reading Picks Whats On YOURList We should read to give our souls a chance to luxuriate.   ~Henry Miller Ahhh†¦ summer. I do a lot of heavy reading during the year and I love it. But when summer comes and I spend hours and hours in the Texas heat at the local pools, I often want something lighter to read.   I still demand good writing, no matter what the topic, however.   Here are some of my favorite choices and a few from friends for you to stick in your beach bag. 10. Enslaved by Ducks by Bob Tarte I found this wry and touching book at a used bookstore a few years ago, and have bought it again for at least four people. Tarte’s true tale of moving from the city to the country and acquiring more and more animals is unforgettable, especially if you are an animal lover or have ever dreamed of living a quieter life.   Publisher’s Weekly says: â€Å"With dead-on character portraits, Tarte keeps readers laughing about unreliable pet store proprietors, a duck named Hector who doesn’t like water, an amorous dove named Howard, a foster-mother goose, patient veterinarians and increasingly bewildered friends. Tarte has an ordinary-Joe voice that makes each chapter a true pleasure, while revealing a sophisticated vision of animals and their relationship to humans.† 9.   Squirrel Seeks Chipmunk by David Sedaris At first, I was disappointed that Sedaris’s new book would not be a collection of essays from his real life and family.   But the humor works here in this anthropomorphized series of human foibles and vanities. Remember, however, that despite the adorable illustration, this is in no way a children’s book. Some of the animal stories include a dying lab rat, a cat who goes to AA meetings, cheating dogs, and a mouse with a pet snake. Christopher Muther of the Boston Globe says Sedaris is a â€Å"connoisseur of human nature at its worst.† Enjoy! 8. Assassination Vacation by Sarah Vowell Going on a road trip? Take along Sarah Vowell’s delightfully funny and informative look at the places, people, and situations involved in the assassinations of three American presidents: Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley. Bruce Handy of the New York Times aptly notes that Vowell â€Å"made the commercially courageous decision to avoid the catnip that is the Kennedy name† and says Assassination Vacation is â€Å"a learned, engagingly discursive, funny, sometimes even jolly ramble - literally - through the landscape of American presidential assassinations.† 7.   Devil Bones by Kathy Reichs This is a recommendation from a friend who says, â€Å"The book series inspired the television series ‘Bones† but the books are different. The protagonist (like the author) is a forensic anthropologist who works between Montreal and North Carolina. I get murder, travel and fun filled macabre facts. 6.   American Gods by Neil Gaiman Another recommendation from a friend, who says, â€Å"I have read it several times, but the first time I read it I finished it on a trip to Orlando. Anything Gaiman is an excellent read.†Ã‚   Laura Miller of Salon.com praises American Gods, saying it   â€Å"is a juicily original melding of archaic myth with the slangy, gritty, melancholy voice of one of America’s great cultural inventions - the hard-boiled detective; call it Wagnerian noir. The melting pot has produced stranger cocktails, but few that are as tasty.† 5.   Life by Keith Richards Lots of rock musicians have gone on to that Great Gig in the Sky, many of them Richard’s contemporaries: Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison, and dozens of others. Betting people probably thought the odds of Richards being among their numbers a good pay off. But Richards has survived, and his tales of writing and working with the other members of the Rolling Stones is fascinating. Listen to his interview about the book with NPR’s Terry Gross on Fresh Air here.   Particularly interesting is the story of how both the music and lyrics to the classic song â€Å"Satisfaction† came to him in a dream. 4.   The Sisters Brothers by Patrick DeWitt Another recommendation from a friend who finds this novel engrossing. Michael Christy  reviewed the novel in his â€Å"Afterword† column in the National Post. He writes: This novel follows two brothers, Eli and Charlie Sisters, infamous assassins sent on an errand to kill Hermann Kermit Warm, an ingenious (and, as it turns out, extremely likable) man, who is accused of stealing from their boss, a fearsome figure named the Commodore. Luckily for us, the genre permits deWitt to turn his considerable powers loose, allowing him to rummage the treasure chest of English with much less constraint than a story staged in the contemporary world†¦ There is a delightful irony generated between this over-formal, old-timey way in which the characters speak, and the horrific subject matter they are often aiming to relate. 3.   The Silent Twins by Marjorie Wallace I read this book years and years ago (on a beach, in Jamaica†¦don’t hate).   The tale of these two twins who never spoke to anyone as children, not even their parents, but developed their own language, intelligible only to themselves, fascinated me as did their joint arson attacks in their later years. Library Journal says: This true story focuses on the young adult years of identical twin girls. June and Jennifer isolate themselves from family and society, sinking into a world of interdependency, fantasy, and obsessive game-playing, until an arson spree lands them in a hospital for the criminally insane. The fascination of this tale lies in the discrepancy between the twins’ silent, emotionless facade and the rich creativity and passion that spills out endlessly in their writing. The author has reconstructed their story from their extensive diaries, in which they compulsively explore their lives and the condition of the world as they perceive it. Again and again, they express both their love and hatred for each other and their desire yet inability to become separate individuals. This book is written by a sympathetic journalist for a general audience. 2.   The Colour of Magic (The First Discworld Novel) by Terry Pratchett Want to really lose yourself to a completely different world this summer? Get hooked on Terry Pratchett’s Discworld series. If you are totally unfamiliar with the 26 novels, here is a brief overview and review of the first book from Fantasy Book Review: The Colour Of Magic is set on a world sitting on the backs of four elephants hurtling through space. Rincewind, the wizard and Twoflower, the Discworld’s first tourist encounter DEATH and Hrun the Barbarian on their journey through the Discworld. †¦ This novel is very different from most fantasy novels and a is breath of fresh air. A beautifully imagined world and wonderfully described characters, when added to the mix, make this a must read novel. This book can stop you from taking life too seriously. 1.   Bossypants by Tina Fey I don’t often recommend books by comedians. Too often, they are just re-hashed versions of their stage shows, television bits, or information you’ve heard in interviews a million times. You probably have heard the accolades about Fey’s book and they are deserved. Fey is funny and revealing, recounting stories about her life (yes, she tells about how she got that scar, something she is very reluctant to do) and her career (much harder and longer than most people think) and is honest about her relationships with fellow actors like Amy Poehler and Alec Baldwin and her former boss at Saturday Night Live, Loren Michaels. If you have been looking for something to read this summer, I hope these suggestions help. Please do leave your own suggestions for others to enjoy. Happy reading!

Jesus, Son of God Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jesus, Son of God - Research Paper Example He is also believed to have risen from the dead three days after being crucified. In the course of his life, Jesus is said to have performed many miracles. The nature of Jesus has however been severally questioned by those opposed to the Christian religion. As a religion, Christianity was initially founded on the principles of Judaism. God is said to have had a covenant with the people of Israel. The covenant had a declaration that he would send them the messiah who would bless not only the Israelites but the entire world. This was after the fall of man in the Garden of Eden. The Old Testament contains over 100 prophesies that make reference to the coming of the messiah and give the qualities that the messiah would have. The prophesies that are found in the Old Testament also predict the place and the circumstances under which the messiah would be born. The prophesies also give the characteristics that the messiah would have that would set him aside from the rest of the population an d from the rest of the prophet. Jesus is said to have fulfilled all these prophesies and is therefore believed to be the messiah who would save mankind. He (Jesus) was for example conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit. He is also said to have been born of a virgin (Darst 4). The title of Son of God comes from the fact that Jesus was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit. ... Another reference can be found in the book of Mark 3:11 where after casting out demons, the demons bow to Jesus and refer to him as the Son of God. Jesus also referred to himself as the Son of God. He refers to God as his father. These assertions begin at an early age in Jesus’ life when his parents find him in the temple and he refers to it as his father’s house (Luke 23:49). Jesus also did not object to any reference to himself as the Son of God (Hurtado 20). The nature of the mission of Jesus is said to have been two fold. In the first place, he had to take the form of man, and live like a man so that he could teach people about the nature of salvation. His human form was despite having a divine nature in that he was the son of God sent for the redemption of man. Jesus was also to pay the ultimate price for the sins of man despite the fact that his divine nature allowed him to be free of sin. He paid this price when he was crucified and died on the cross. Because he was the son of God, he rose from the dead. This provides the basis upon which Christianity is built (McGrath 1). The teachings of Jesus were different from those that the earlier prophets and the priests preached. While the norm was for the priests and those responsible for teaching religion was to emphasize on the following of the set rules and religious ceremonies. Jesus however asserted that the mere obedience of the laws did not make one holy. Instead, he preached one love for God and love for other people as the most important commandment. Love for God and love for fellow men is therefore one of the most basic and fundamental principles of the Christian religion. As a human being, Jesus spent his life travelling with his disciples and teaching a message of peace and salvation. He also called

Auditing. PARMALAT COMPANY. The series of scandals caused a general Essay

Auditing. PARMALAT COMPANY. The series of scandals caused a general crisis of confidence in the integrity of the entire system o - Essay Example This was one of the prime reasons which had brought the scandal under limelight. In the year 2003, Parmalat was severely penalized for trying to raise 300 million in the form of bonds (Word Socialist, 2004). The author of the study will highlight the impact of the integrity in the system of corporate accountability process, role of the auditors with respect to Parmalat scandal. The study will also highlight the importance of corporate governance mechanism related to Parmalat. The credibility of the audit reporting, functions and regulations will also be discussed with respect to the auditing procedure carried out by Deloitte & Touche in Parmalat. Finally, the study will conclude highlighting the changes in the critical evaluation of changes in auditing, corporate governance regulations in prevention of scandals. Integrity in the System of Corporate Accountability The corporate accounting system encompasses the traditional accounting and also the social reporting method. The social re porting concepts are supposed to revolve around environmental and also the social aspects of the assets and liabilities reporting methods. It is concerned with the benefits and cost associated with the issues and the verification, assurance provided by the auditors (Rao, Tilt and Lester, 2012). It encompasses various issues which revolve around the interactions and the inclusion of elements like ethics, corporate governance, social and environmental accounting, philanthropy activities (Pollock, 2011). The development of social corporate accounting encompasses the formulation of accounting systems as per the guidelines provided by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) to provide accuracy in the global and environmental accounting. Role of Auditors The role of internal auditors of the company identifies the errors and checks whether the measures undertaken by the management are in compliance with the norms and regulations. The duty of internal auditor is to check of the transparency o f accounting system and also provide advice based on the conducted auditing function (National Fraud Authority, n.d). One of the prime objectives of the auditor is to provide the stakeholders and shareholders the key assurance that risk management activities are carried out effectively. The auditor’s incompetence will be observed when he/she would be able to uncover the misappropriations in the accounting systems and also the preparation of the timely accounting reports, risk management system and various other activities. They evaluate the accounting activities and provide certain reasonable assurance that enables the accomplishment of goals and objectives of the organization (Ferrarini and Giudici, 2005). Accurate and transparent auditing function can also necessitate the entire financial system and help in the removal of accounting discrepancies within the systems (Caraballo, Cheerla and Jafari, 2010). The management of the company is unaware that inaccurate auditing proce dure leads to the complexities within the accounting system of the organization (George, 2011). In the context of Parmalat, the internal auditors were not only able to perform accurate auditing, detection of error on the methods of the system but also had involved itself in the creation of the forgery of accounts (Action Fraud, 2013).This was one of the prime reasons which had

The Future of Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Future of Greece - Essay Example Interestingly, news articles and public opinion tended to believe that Greece would default and the European Union would be faced with the question of whether to integrate further whether to dissolve entirely. Although this is still very much a reasonable expectation with respect to the outcome of the PIIGS in Europe (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain), a more likely scenario that is been exhibited over the past several years is the fact that the European Union will continue to bankroll the debt of Greece, and country similar to it, as long as the central bank of Europe has the wherewithal to continue bankrolling the liabilities of this small southern European nation. Ultimately, there are only two outcomes can exist for Greece in light of the information that is thus far been presented. Sadly, neither of these outcomes are particularly optimistic. The first outcome is necessarily contingent upon the belief that Greece will ultimately default upon the debt that the European Union has provided it and will be censured by dismissal from the European Union and forced to be something of a satellite state to the European Union; something that is never before happened. Within this particular interpretation of overall likelihood and future potential, Greece would be able to regain control of its currency and either renege upon the debt that it has thus far accrued by printing a massive amount of money, or seeks to honor these engagements through a slow and arduous process of repayment. Within such a framework, the only tangential benefit set out to that would be the sovereignty over its own monetary instruments and the mechanisms through which a Greek central bank could seek to change the fiscal policy and dismal economic Outlook that the nation faces in the immediate and near future. A secondary and equally dismal outcome is that Greece would maintain itself within the European Union and continue to borrow an unsustainable level of cash as a means of funding its operations domestically. Unless the European Union type is debt mechanism and does not allow for Greece to continue to exercise the bailouts that is received over the past several years, this outcome is not only likely but expected. However, the repercussions of such a decision matrix would mean that Greece would not be able to exercise any degree of sovereignty with respect to the way in which it continues to operate its economy. Due to the ever increasing level of regulations that European funding, through the European Central Bank, has impacted upon Greece, nearly each and every economic decision that is made at the national level is not contingent upon the actual decision-makers within the country; rather, it is contingent upon how Brussels views the best interests of Greece through a strategy of debt repatriation Sadly, both of these alternatives necessarily create a situation through which the nation of Greece is at the mercy of an unbelievably high level of national that for a very long period of time. A handful of instances can be recalled that help the reader to understand how such constricting levels of debt can impact upon the overall quality of life, GDP, and expectation for future profitability that the nation might at some point in the future hope to assume. As it stands within the current model, the debt of Greece is something of the sword of Damocles through which the Greek economy can neither escape nor hope to grow. This is not only a dire situation but one that begs the relevant powers

Movement and Protest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movement and Protest - Essay Example Instead, the activists champion and maximize the safety and security of all participants, together with their families and property. Their specific form of public complaint by the group is a protest, disobedience, or direct action. The resistance movement was organized around a popular #hashtag known as #occupywallstreet. The resistance movement was founded on the mentality that rebellion is indeed a good thing. During the President’s Day in 1787, one President Thomas Jefferson said, â€Å"God forbid we should be twenty years without a rebellion. What country can preserve its liberties if the rulers are not warned from time to time that their people preserve the spirit of resistance?† Later in 1861, at the Presidential Inaugural address, President Abraham Lincoln â€Å"This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it, or their revolutionary right to dismember, or overthrow it.† During the President’s Day in 1885, President Ulysses S. Grant said, â€Å"The right of Revolution is an inherent one. When people are oppressed by their government, it is a natural right they enjoy relieving themselves of the oppression if they are strong enou gh, either by withdrawing from it or by overthrowing it and substituting a government more acceptable.† In 1962, President John F. Kennedy said, â€Å"Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable." Today, this day has been given the hashtag, #thepresidentsday. Speaking early this year (2015), President Barrack Obama commented, â€Å"We cannot ignore the fact that our government originated in a revolution and were legitimate only if overthrow by force can sometimes be justified. That circumstances sometimes justify it is not.†

Self leadership Personal Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Self leadership Personal Portfolio - Essay Example Hence, it can be affirmed that self-leadership skills are essential to judge the personal potentialities and strengths (Centre of Creative Leadership, 2012). This assignment offers an in-depth analysis and examination of my personal and professional aptitudes and talents with the help of a comprehensive approach along with personal manifestation on the ideas discussed in this topic. The paper highlights the essentialities of soft skills of an individual in the working environment along with detailed assessment through the available literatures on self-leadership skills and personal abilities through a 360 degree feedback. This analysis would facilitate me to identify my personal strengths and weaknesses thereby offering the opportunity of any specific changes if required so as to accomplish the personal goals in a more efficient and effective manner. This would enhance my future growth prospects. 2.0 Self-Leadership Skills Literature Overview Amer (2008) focuses highly on the soft sk ills as these are solely responsible for the future growth and the prospects of an individual. It is defined as the feelings and the behaviors that relate to the decisive thinking, problem solving, communication, association and presentation skills that help an individual to sustain in an organization for the long run. Soft skill is a sociological phrase related with the character traits, social elegance, language, personal habits, affability, and buoyancy that portrays the relationships with other individuals (Amer, 2008). Carmeli, Meitar, Weisberg (2006) also highlights that soft skills mainly balance the hard skills which are required for fulfilling occupational demands along with other activities (Carmeli, Meitar, Weisberg, 2006). Hence, it can be avowed that soft skills are responsible for the success of individuals in the workplaces as well as in their careers. According to Rao (2010), soft skills are mainly inherent qualities of an individual which can be improved or enhanced only through high level of devotion, motivation and commitment. Along with this, self awareness also plays an important part for the enhancement of soft skills of an individual. Thus, self–awareness helps to predict the internal strengths and weaknesses of an individual which might be beneficial for the augmentation of self-leadership talents. Hence, the self-leadership ability marks the success of an individual in the long run (Rao, 2010). Bommelije (2009) reveals that soft skills are vital characteristics of life which is essential for success. Most imperative and key soft skills that an individual should contain are tactical understanding, proper decision making ability, team behavior, providing inspiration to employees, communication power, intelligent skills, managerial dynamics, coordination, cooperation, enthusiasm to drive a group, implementation of various ideas, elasticity and capability to handle stresses and risks among others. Hence, it can be clearly affirmed t hat soft skills are also equally important for an individual as it helps to enhance productivity and quality of work thereby augmenting the profitability of organization (Bommelije, 2009). Moreover, soft skills

Movement and Protest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movement and Protest - Essay Example Instead, the activists champion and maximize the safety and security of all participants, together with their families and property. Their specific form of public complaint by the group is a protest, disobedience, or direct action. The resistance movement was organized around a popular #hashtag known as #occupywallstreet. The resistance movement was founded on the mentality that rebellion is indeed a good thing. During the President’s Day in 1787, one President Thomas Jefferson said, â€Å"God forbid we should be twenty years without a rebellion. What country can preserve its liberties if the rulers are not warned from time to time that their people preserve the spirit of resistance?† Later in 1861, at the Presidential Inaugural address, President Abraham Lincoln â€Å"This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it, or their revolutionary right to dismember, or overthrow it.† During the President’s Day in 1885, President Ulysses S. Grant said, â€Å"The right of Revolution is an inherent one. When people are oppressed by their government, it is a natural right they enjoy relieving themselves of the oppression if they are strong enou gh, either by withdrawing from it or by overthrowing it and substituting a government more acceptable.† In 1962, President John F. Kennedy said, â€Å"Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable." Today, this day has been given the hashtag, #thepresidentsday. Speaking early this year (2015), President Barrack Obama commented, â€Å"We cannot ignore the fact that our government originated in a revolution and were legitimate only if overthrow by force can sometimes be justified. That circumstances sometimes justify it is not.†

History Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History Analysis - Essay Example Imperialism is also always associated with the autocratic rule of the empires (Johnston, â€Å"The Dictionary of Human Geography†). The term ‘empire’ basically denotes those nations, which have or had many of the countries or territories under its control. Few of the leading imperialist nations include Great Britain, United States of America, Russia and France. It is commonly perceived by the experts of the discipline that imperialism has greatly affected the development and the normal standard of living in the subordinate countries for ages. Even after the dominating countries moved back from the conquered nations, the after affects of imperialism continued in lieu of the plights of the citizens of those nations. Among the global imperial powers, Britain deserves special mention. It is often a food for thought for the research scholars that how could such a small nation of Europe successfully rule almost all of the world for years. The history of British Empire builds up as it establishes relationship with Ireland, the America, the Caribbean Islands and India. Great Britain also had deep past of rivalry with the other imperial nations like that of the Netherlands, Portugal, France and Spain. The ‘credit’ of setting up of slave trade also goes to the British Empire of West Indies (the Caribbean) and Africa. Apart from slavery, which is considered as the height of all oppressions, the ill effects of imperialism can also be understood through in-depth study of British Raj in India. One of the fast emerging economies and most promising democracies of the present world, India had been under British rule from 1757 till 1947. Great Britain built relationship with India through trade and formed British East India Company. Soon from the company, the powers were transferred to the government of UK. A country with huge stock of natural resources, India was virtually robbed of its resources. The scholars of the arena remarked

Evaluation Criteria Paper Essay Example for Free

Evaluation Criteria Paper Essay Taylor Transit is a company that is growing rapidly. The company must analyze the resources and capabilities of the company to look for the right tools that will provide potential benefits and competitive advantages in human resources. The new approach should include the selection of effective tools that help human resources during the expansion process and the criteria that will be beneficial in the human resource practices. The intent of the paper is discussing the implementation of specific HR tools such as employee selection test, Human Resource Information System (HRIS), successful planning, and the evaluation of the criteria for each tool selection. Human Resource Criteria Identification Identify and establish which is the most appropriate criteria is fundamental because it allows the implementation of new human resources procedures. The following explain the criteria for each of the following tools: Human Resource Information System (HRIS) For Taylor Transit implementation and use of HRIS is of great benefit because it helps to increase the effectiveness of human resources assets as well as provide guidance. The criteria will be based in the necessity of having a good HR information system in where the company will be able to keep information concerning to each employee and any other related HR information such as employees evaluation, disciplinary actions, rewards, and trainings within the organization. The â€Å"HRIS technology supports strategic planning through the generation of labor force supply and demand needs, requirements and forecasts† ( Lippert Swiercz, 2005). This tool will be very useful for the company; given that the company is expanding it is important to have a system that allows Taylor Transit to have a solid database to track data 8,000 employees in order to help in the planning and execution of the company objectives. Selection Test The adequate selection test for the company is important because allow identifying the right candidate since the beginning of recruitment process. The recommended tools for measure the candidates are the cognitive aptitude and the ability tests. â€Å"Cognitive aptitude and ability tests are among the most valid predictors available to organizations† ( Terpstra, 1994). The criteria in the selection of these tools are because the cognitive aptitude test measure the candidate mental capabilities as well their reasoning and communication. On the other hand, the ability test will help to predict the performance of the employee within the company. Besides the background and the experience of the candidate, for the company will be useful make a thorough assessment in order to have the best candidates within the company Succession Planning â€Å"Succession planning must be part of an integrated HR process that includes training, development and performance appraisal† (Stensgaard, 2005). The criteria for choosing this tool is because the â€Å"succession planning also has indirect impacts on measures of firm performance such as productivity and gross returns on assets† (Greer Virick, 2008). This would be excellent tool that would be beneficial in the aid of HR processes (training, development, and performance). One of the things Taylor Transit need to take into consideration is make sure of taking the necessary measures regarding in the proper selection of personnel for each of the positions within the company, as well of having the support of the senior level management. This is important because it allows a systematic process for identifying, evaluating, and developing personnel who are trained to perform key functions within the company. The usefulness of this is essential because it allows certain key personnel receive the necessary tools to develop their skills and abilities, as well as giving them the opportunity in the future to be the future leaders of the company. Conclusion By implementing the right tools allows human resource management to have a higher level of competitiveness. The three selected tools are best suited for the rapid growth of Taylor Transit. Implement the HRIS is helpful because it allows better control of information, and quick access to information for each employee. And for assessing the performance, this will help determine what kind of trainings can be provided to employees. This is helpful because it allows management the assessment and improvement of the procedures of the company. Meanwhile, the employee selection tests are useful because they allow the assessment of cognitive abilities and skills of employees in order to recruit the best possible candidates and may have better performance of the company. This is important because in the long run is cost effective because employees who have better cognitive aptitudes and abilities skills learn quickly, therefore the company does not have to incur in additional expenses for re-training their employees and in turn avoid turnover. Finally, the successful planning is helpful because it allows employees to adapt quickly to the demands of the company; the company in turn may have strategically highly qualified personnel in positions that are key to the success of the company. Implementing these tools allow the proper management of the company.

Why Is Desalination Becoming So Important?

Why Is Desalination Becoming So Important? Desalination is a technology which includes several processes that remove salt and other minerals from seawater to produce freshwater. In recent decades, this technology developed rapidly and becoming more and more popular around the world. This essay will focus on the effects of using desalination. It begins with the reason why this technology develop rapidly in the recent years. After that, some economic and environmental benefits and drawbacks of desalination will be analysed. Finally, give a conclusion. Water is a basic and crucial resource for survival and growth of life. We can not live without water. However, there is a research by Fiorenza (2002) shows that nearly one fourth of mankind is suffering from inadequate fresh water supply, both of quality and quantity. Considering water shortage concerns about 80 countries and has caused some serious results in many places, the water shortage phenomenon is becoming a serious global problem that affects peoples daily life and hindered the social development. Because of the increasing number of global population and expansion of both industrial and agricultural activities, the water requirement will increasing rapidly in a very near future. It is obviously that the traditional fresh water supply system can not meet the requirement any more. An alternative water supply option is need to help us deal with this problem. Water is so important for human beings, therefore, we have already developed many kinds of water supply systems. But all of them have a common problem and also the fatal problem is that they all need natural fresh water resources. The research by Khawaji (2007) illustrates that nearly 97% of the earthà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s water is seawater while another 2% is fresh water but locked in icecaps and glaciers. The available fresh water just accounts for about 0.5% of the earthà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s total water supply. Another point should be considered is human activities have polluted a large amount of fresh water resource. It means that all the traditional water supply systems just can use much less than 0.5% water resource. It is obvious that we can not just rely on these traditional water supply systems any more. Comparing with these traditional options, the desalination technology does not need natural fresh water resources, desalination equipment can prod uce fresh water from seawater. This technology give human beings an opportunity that we can use the majority of earthà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s water resource. This is really a revolutionary change that we need not rely on natural fresh water resources any more. Because of this unique advantage, desalination has developed rapidly in recent decades and playing an important role in many countries now. For example, according to research by Zhou (2003), in Saudi Arabia the desalination equipment produces more than 6,000,000 m3 of freshwater per day. This technology has become a reliable fresh water source for human beings. In fourth century BC, Aristotle found that when saltwater turns into vapor, salt and freshwater will separated. This was the first desalination theory and it has already been discoverd more than 2000 years. The previous analysis shows that desalination has a lot of advantages, but it can be questioned just used in recent years. It is because the former desalination technology cost too much and was not reliable enough. This is also the main reason why there are many critics against the use of desalination. However, the desalination technology has advanced a lot in the last 30 years, especially, the invention of multi-stage flash process and reverse osmosis. According to the research by Tsiourtis (2001) shows that 86% desalination factory use these two desalination processes now. In addition, these two methods are the most commercially important desalination technologies. Furthermore technological advances were made on the multi-stage flash (MSF) process (materials and process) and on reverse osmosis (RO), with improvement on the membranes and the energy recovery equipment. (qtd. Tsiourtis, 2001) So these technological advances in the last 30 years have driven down the cost of desalinated water very much. The figure 1 illustrats that the price of desalination shows a decreasing trend from 1988 to 2000. The total cost of desalination decreased from1.7$/m3 in 1998 to 0.7$/m3 in 2000. It is an acceptable price for many countries now and due to the decreasing trend, it can be predicted that the desalination will more cheaper in the future. The decreasing cost trend is just one economic benefit of desalination. Another reason is in some situations, desalination is a cheaper water supply option. For example, Chinas water resources are uneven distributed and many places in northern China are facing the water shortage problem. So, the government decides to build a long pipeline to transfer water from the Yangtze River to area in northern China. Research by Liu and Zheng (2002) shows the main canal would be 1150 km long. From the research by Kally (1993) we already find that the cost of transport is around 0.061$/m3 per 100 km. Therefore, it means that the cost of transferring water will more than 0.07$/m3. It is higher than using desalination, additionally, because of the desalination cost has fallen from 1.7$/m3 to 0.7 $/m3 and still keep an decreasing trend. There is no reason to believe that the trend will not continue in the future. So desalination also has its economic benefits in some situations. Desalination not only has economic benefits, but also has many environmental advantages. Firstly, compares with the water transport, desalination does not need so much pipeline and pumping stations. It means that less land will be occupied and less energy will be wasted in the transferring process. After that, because these traditional water supply options need fresh water supply, the overuse of surface water and groundwater has caused many serious consequences. For instance, the ground surface settlement happened in many places in China just because of the abuse of groundwater. Research by Chai et al. (2004) shows that due to the abuse of groundwater, surface surveys of land subsidence is 2 to 3 meters in the central area of Shanghai. Ground surface settlement is harmful to a buildings foundation and will cause dangerous results. However, desalinations resource is seawater, it will never limited and never will have these troubles. So, compare with some traditional water supply optio ns, the desalination system also has some of its own environmental benefits. From the above analysis we find that a desalination system has its own advantages no matter in economic and environmental aspects. But it is undeniable that this technology still has some drawbacks in both aspects. Firstly, the desalination process has a by-product called brine, What is a kind of water that contents double salt of seawater and also contains membrane cleaning chemicals and other chemicals used for scale and corrosion control(qtd .Tsiourtis, 2001). If we can not treat the brine well, it will cause serious pollution. Then there are some chemicals will be used in the desalination process. It also will cause some pollution. After that, noise pollution is another problem, the noise produced by these machines will trouble people. Furthermore, comparing with other water supply options, desalination still a little expensive than these traditional ones in normal situations, many countries can afford this technology as the option to solve their water shortage problems. Overall, desalination is already becoming a very important water supply option, especially in these energy-rich, dry and lack of freshwater resource areas, such as these Middle East countries. This technology give human beings an new option to solve water shortage problem. Although, this technology still have some problems but because of its own advantages and the trend of desalination technology development, we can believe that desalination will have a bright future. This technology will play an more important role in future. Word count: 1294